The fundamental ruling on transactions is that they are permissible, and they can only be made unlawful by a prohibition transmitted in the Shariah. [1507] Shafi`i said: “The fundamental principle regarding all trades is that they are permissible when conducted with the mutual consent of the parties involved and when the commodities being sold are lawful, except for what the Messenger of Allah g forbade. Anything falling under the meaning of what the Messenger of Allah g forbade is impermissible. Anything beyond this, we consider permissible based on the declaration of the permissibility of trade in the Book of Allah Exalted that we have described.” Al-Umm (3/3). See also Tafsir al-Qurtubi (3/356), Majmu` al-Fatawa by Ibn Taymiyyah (29/133), Kashf al-Asrar by al-`Ala’ al-Din al-Bukhari (4/360), I`lam al-Muqi`in by Ibn al-Qayyim (1/259), Al-Qawa`id by Ibn Rajab, p. 340, and Al-Ashbah wa al-Naza’ir by Ibn al-Mulaqqin (1/111).